填筑路堤的路堑开挖土石料性能分类研究

提出了以石块为主的用作路堤填料的路堑开挖土石料按岩性进行分类的依据和标准，讨论了用它们填筑路基的施工工艺，质量控制要点及质量指标检测方法。     

玉米生长与地面覆盖栽培试验

在广州秋播玉米采用稻草覆盖与地膜覆盖和无覆盖相比，稻草覆盖的玉米产量和穗行数性状明显优越，穗长，行粒数，穗粗，千料重等性状也有较好的趋势。稻草和黑色地膜覆盖，均可减少杂草萌发，稻草覆盖处理中萌发的杂草，仍然会不断生长，但个体数量已大大减少。     

Logging pattern and landscape changes over the last century at the boreal and deciduous forest transition in Eastern Canada

Forestry practices associated with the industrial era (since ~1900) have altered the natural disturbance regimes and greatly impacted the world’s forests. We quantified twentieth century logging patterns and regional scale consequences in three sub-boreal forest landscapes of Eastern Canada (117,000, 49,400 and 92,300 ha), comparing forestry maps depicting age and forest cover types for early industrial (1930) and present-day (2000) conditions. Results were similar for the three landscapes, indicating large-scale forest change during the twentieth century. In 1930, previous logging activities had been concentrated in the lowlands and along the main hydrographical network, as compared to a more even distribution over the landscapes in 2000, reflecting a decreasing influence of the environmental constraints on forest harvesting. In 1930, old-aged forests (>100 years) accounted for more than 75% of the unlogged areas of the three landscapes, as compared to less than 15% for the present-day conditions. Logging practices have thus inverted the stand age distribution of the landscapes that are currently dominated by young and regenerating stands. The 1930 forest cover types showed a clear relationship with elevation, with conifers located in the lowlands and mixed and deciduous stands restricted to the upper slopes. Between 1930 and 2000, 58–64% of the conifer areas transformed to mixed and deciduous forests, such that no clear altitudinal relationships remained in 2000. We conclude that twentieth century logging practices have strongly altered the preindustrial vegetation patterns in our study area, to the point that ecosystem-based management strategies should be developed to restore conifer dominance, altitudinal gradients, as well as the irregular structure inspired from old forest stands.     

短叶片连接为整圈叶片的结构

通过对短叶片常用结构的探讨，介绍了几种叶冠连接方法及拉筋连接方式，给出了各种连接方式的作用及对叶片安全可靠性的影响。     

Management of Grazing Intensity in the Semi‐Arid Rangelands of Southern Australia: Effects on Soil and Biodiversity

Overgrazing contributes to rangeland degradation altering plant community composition, erosion and biodiversity. Little unanimity in the literature exists on the effects of livestock grazing on soil carbon and biodiversity, in part, due to uncontrolled grazing pressure from native and feral animals. Paired paddock contrasts at three, long‐term (>8 years) study locations in the southern Australian rangelands were used to examine the effects of managing grazing intensity through the use of exclusion fencing and rotational grazing on soil organic carbon (SOC), soil nitrogen (TN), ground cover and biodiversity (flora and invertebrates). Grazing management had no effect on SOC or TN on grey soils (Vertisols), but for red soils (Lixisols), significantly higher levels of SOC were found for both the 0 to 5 and 5 to 10‐cm soil depths (0·3% and 0·27% respectively) and associated with increased TN. We found strong and consistent relationships among SOC and higher perennial (p < 0·001), higher litter (p < 0·05) cover and close proximity to trees (p < 0·05). Managing grazing intensity resulted in significantly higher perennial ground cover (p < 0·001) on Vertisols (8·9 to 11%) and Lixisols (12·5 to 15%) and higher plant diversity (both native and exotic) but negatively impacted invertebrate diversity, indicating trade‐offs between production and resources. We provide evidence that the effects of grazing management on SOC are mediated by ground cover and increased organic matter supply and/or reduced soil carbon redistribution (erosion), which indicates that the management of grazing intensity may provide a tool to avoid soil carbon loss in rangelands. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

雷竹覆盖栽培失败原因浅析

总结了嵊州市雷竹覆盖栽培技术推广应用经验,对嵊州市的雷竹覆盖栽培失败典型事例进行了认真的剖析,提出了嵊州市雷竹覆盖栽培的对策与措施和4点建议。     

Protective effect of floor cover against soil erosion on steep slopes forested with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chamaecyparis obtusa</Emphasis> (hinoki) and other species

 We evaluated the protective effects of floor cover against soil erosion in three types of forest located on steep slopes under a humid climate: 22- and 34-year-old Chamaecyparis obtusa (hinoki), 34-year-old Cryptomeria japonica (sugi), and 62-year-old Pinus densiflora (red pine) stands. We measured sediment transport rates (sediment mass passing through one meter of contour width per millimeter of rainfall), using sediment traps, before and after removing floor cover. Raindrop splash erosion was dominant in the experimental stands. Floor cover percentage (FCP) during the preremoval stage varied from 50% to 100% among the four stands, and sediment transport rates ranged from 0.0079 to 1.7 g m⁻¹ mm⁻¹. The rates increased to 1.5–5.6 g m⁻¹ mm⁻¹ immediately after removing floor cover, and remained high throughout the experiment. The presence of physical cover near the ground has a crucial effect on sediment transport on forested slopes. The protective effect ratio (the ratio of the sediment transport rate in a control plot to that in the removal plot) in a young hinoki stand, in which the FCP decreased markedly, was 0.3 at most, which is close to the rate for bare ground. The protective effect ratio in the red pine stand was ≤0.003. We concluded that the protective effect of floor cover in undisturbed forests in Japan differs by over two orders of magnitude, based on comparisons with previous studies. Received: March 11, 2002 / Accepted: August 16, 2002 Present address: Department of Forest Site Environment, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki 305-8687 Japan Tel. +81-298-73-3211; Fax +81-298-74-3720 e-mail: miura@affrc.go.jp Present address: Department of Forest Site Environment, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki 305-8687 Japan Tel. +81-298-73-3211; Fax +81-298-74-3720 e-mail: miura@affrc.go.jp Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Research Council of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, of Japan. We thank H. Ujihara, S. Ujihara, and M. Ogasawara in Otoyo, Kochi, who provided the experimental stands used in this study. We also thank K. Hirai, S. Kuramoto, E. Kodani, and the rest of the staff at the Shikoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, for their help in conducting the experiments. Correspondence to:S. Miura     

浅谈岩生植物及其在园林中的应用

岩生植物具有植株低矮,株形紧密;根系发达,耐干旱,耐瘠薄土壤;生长缓慢,生活期长;花色艳丽等特点.岩生植物按自然分类系统分为苔藓植物、蕨类植物、裸子植物、被子植物.按光照要求分为喜光类、耐荫类、喜阴湿类.按在园林中的应用分类,分为草本类、藤木类、灌木及矮乔类、蕨类、苔藓地衣类.论述了岩生植物在园林中的应用形式、岩生植物的选择与配置等.